The Patterns of Fiqh Thought of the Four Imams of the School of Islamic Jurisprudence and Their Implications for the Formation of Tolerant Character in the Digital Era
Keywords:
Popular Schools, Tolerant Character, Digitalization
Abstract
This study aims to examine the characteristics of fiqh thought of the four major Islamic school imams and their implications for forming a tolerant character in the digital era. It employs a qualitative approach with library research, drawing on academic books, indexed journal articles, and relevant scholarly works on fiqh schools, ijtihad methods, and tolerance. Data were collected through systematic documentation with specific selection criteria and analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana, involving data condensation, display, and conclusion drawing based on thematic categorization. The findings reveal that differences among the four imams stem from variations in epistemology, ijtihad methods, and socio-historical contexts, reflecting the intellectual richness of Islamic tradition. These differences contain values that contribute to the development of tolerant character, manifested in attitudes such as accepting diversity, listening patiently, respecting differing opinions, avoiding hate speech, demonstrating humility, acting wisely, and fostering critical digital literacy communities. The study concludes that fiqh thought not only functions as a normative foundation of Islamic law but also holds contextual relevance in shaping tolerance in the digital age, requiring its actualization through analytical-contextual education and inclusive digital literacy.
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Usman, Dia Hidayati, Didin Hafidhuddin, Ibdalsyah, Abbas Mansur Tamam, and Amir Faishol Fath. “A Model of Islamic Basic Education Based on Wisdom in Ar-Razi's Interpretation of QS. Luqman: 12-19.” Ta'dibuna: Journal of Islamic Education 14, no. 1 (2025): p. 10. https://doi.org/10.32832/tadibuna.v14i1.19397
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Waslah, Islam Fadilah. “Digital Literacy-Based Education in Strengthening Religious Moderation for Students at Al-Madinah Diwek Jombang Superior Middle School.” Pediaqu: Journal of Social and Humanities Education 4, no. 02 (2024): p. 2.
Zuhriyandi. “Religious Harmony and Conflict Prevention: A Moderation Perspective According to the Qur'an and the Bible.” Moderatio: Journal of Religious Moderation 3, no. 2 (2023): p. 10.
Akmal, Muhamad Rizki, and Idarotul Nginayah. "The Position of Dowry in Marriage Contracts from the Perspective of Imam Malik and Imam Shafi'i." Al-Wasith Journal: Journal of Islamic Law Studies 7, no. 2 (2022): p. 20. https://doi.org/10.52802/wst.v7i2.756
Alif Okta Nabila, and Murfiah Dewi Wulandari. “Elements of Global Diversity in the Thematic Book for Fourth Grade Elementary School Students on the Theme of the Beauty of Diversity in My Country.” Jurnal Cakrawala Pendas 8, no. 3 (2022): p. 8. https://doi.org/10.31949/jcp.v8i3.2607
Amini, Gina 'Ul. “The Interaction of Science and Religion: The Perspective of Chemistry in Islam as Science and Hymn.” Islamology: Journal of Religious Sciences 1, no. 2 (2024): p. 6.
Ardiyani. “The Development of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal's Fiqh Thought: Construction of the Ijtihad Method.” Journal of Islamic Education 1, no. 2 (2023): p, 3.
Husnu Shidqiah et al., “Analysis of the History of the Development of Islamic Fiqh Schools and Their Influence on Contemporary Islamic Law.” Aladalah: Journal of Politics, Social, Law and Humanities 3, no. 2 (2025): p. 2. https://doi.org/10.59246/aladalah.v3i2.1243
Sipa et al., “Integration of Philosophy and Religion in Islamic Education (A Study of Al-Kindi's Thoughts for Strengthening Reason and Revelation).” Al-Qodiri: Journal of Education, Social and Religious Studies , 2025, p. 2. https://doi.org/10.54503/0515-9628-2024.77.3-4-268
Et al., Suyyirah. “Dynamics of Ijtihad and Madzhab in Islam.” Smart Law Journal 3, no. 2 (2025): p. 1.
Wiwin Warliah et al., “The YouTube Platform as a Means of Modern Preaching: Habib Jafar’s Contribution.” Busyro: Journal of Preaching and … 5, no. 2 (2024): p. 2. https://doi.org/10.55352/kpi.v5i2.1541
Yesi Arikarani et al., “The Concept of Islamic Education in Strengthening Religious Moderation.” Edification Journal of Islamic Religious Education 2, no. 1 (2024): p. 4.
Fadli, Muhammad Rijal. "Historical Overview: Islamic Legal Thought During the Tabi'in Period (Imam Hanafi, Imam Malik, Imam Syafi'i and Imam Hanbali) in Istinbat Al-Ahkam." Tamaddun Journal: Journal of Islamic History and Culture 8, no. 1 (2020): p. 17. https://doi.org/10.24235/tamaddun.v8i1.5848
Fitri, Nanda Inka. “Patience in Facing Problems from the Perspective of the Prophet's Hadith.” Pendas: Scientific Journal of Elementary Education 10, no. 2 (2002): p. 8.
Halimah, Noor et al. “Fiqh Schools in Indonesia: Differences of Opinion on the Construction of Islamic Law.” Journal of Islamic Education 1, no. 1 (2023): p. 1.
Hanafi, Arman, and Muhammad Yasin. “Efforts to Strengthen Social Relations in Community Life.” Journal of Education & Social Sciences (Sinova) 1, no. 2 (2023): p. 2. https://doi.org/10.71382/sinova.v1i2.19
Hoki Diana Siregar, Mian Aulina Lubis. “Cultivating an Attitude of Mutual Appreciation and Respect for Others in Children at the Ashabul Muhajirin Islamic Education Foundation in Medan.” Kampung Akademik Publishing: Jurnal Sains Student Research 2, no. 1 (2024): p. 2.
Law, Journal of Science, and Through the Hanafi School. Legal Standing . 8, no. 3 (2024): 990–1003.
Karmawati, Karmawati, Indo Santalia, and Kamridah Kamridah. “The Development of Islamic Thought: Emanation Theory According to Al Farabi and Ibn Sina.” Madika: Journal of Politics and Governance 4, no. 1 (2024): p. 1. https://doi.org/10.24239/madika.v4i1.3018
Khoirul Anam, Moch. “The Basics of Istinbath of Imam Shafi'i's Law.” Al-Ihda': Journal of Education and Thought 14, no. 1 (2022): p. 18. https://doi.org/10.55558/alihda.v14i1.25
Kristianto, DAvit. “Differences between Classical, Medieval, and Modern Islamic Thought and Their Development.” Madinah: Journal of Islamic Studies 10, no. 1 (2023): pp. 2-3. https://doi.org/10.58518/madinah.v10i1.1480
Lu'luatul Badriyyah, Ashif Az Zafi. “Differences between the Schools of Thought of the Four Great Imams (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hambali) in the Paradigm of Islamic Law.” Al-Muaddib: Journal of Social and Islamic Sciences 5, no. 1 (2020): p. 6.
Mahesa, Lutfi Putra. “Baitul Hikmah Library Management During the Abbasid Era.” Tadribuna: Journal of Islamic Management Education 3, no. 2 (2023): pp. 4-5.
Mahfudhi, Heri. “The Thought Patterns of Imam Abu Hanifah and Their Relevance to the Law of Marriage Without a Guardian.” Adhki: Journal of Islamic Family Law 3, no. 2 (2021): pp. 4-6.
Mahruf, Abdul, Widya Andriyani, and Kholil Lur Rochman. Implementation of Thomas Lickona's Thoughts on Character Education in Islamic Education Management . 11, no. 1 (2026): 453–66.
Makhrus, M., N. Al Ngizati Ngama Yasifah, and Istianah Istianah. “Improving Digital Literacy Through Idebergerak.Com as a Community-Based Philanthropic Movement.” Journal of Literacy, Community Service, and Empowerment 2, no. 1 (2023): p. 1. https://doi.org/10.61813/jlppm.v2i1.26
Meidinata, Marianus Ivo. “The Proclamation and Openness of Islam and Catholicism: A Review of Reconciliation According to Comparative Religious Studies.” Abrahamic Religions: Journal of the Study of Religions 2, no. 1 (2022): p. 6. https://doi.org/10.22373/arj.v2i1.12110
Nadia. “The Life and Characteristics of Imam Ahmad Bin Hanbal’s Legal Thought.” Comparativa 1, no. 2 (2020): pp. 14-17.
Nasution, Rodiah, and M. Sholih Salimul Uqba. “Irfani Epistemology of Imam Al-Ghazali's Perspective in Islamic Education.” La-Tahzan: Journal of Islamic Education 16, no. 1 (2024): p. 1.
Noor, Dzulkifli. " Dialectical Thoughts of Islamic School Ulemas Regarding Waqf Dzulkifli Noor Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta, Indonesia e-Mail:" Ar-Risala Scientific Journal: Islamic Media, Education and Islamic Law 23, no. 2 (2025): p. 1.
Nur Alisa, Siradjuddin, and Misbahuddin. "The Concept of the Ideal State and Society According to Al-Farabi from an Economic Point of View." Syarikat: Journal of Sharia Economics 6, no. 2 (2023): p. 1. https://doi.org/10.25299/syarikat.2023.vol6(2).13338
Oktaviana, Masrukhin Muhsin, Salim Rosyadi. “Human Compassion for Pets: A Thematic Hadith Study.” Tadhkiroh: Journal of Applied Islamic Law and Sharia Philosophy Studies 2, no. 2 (2025): p. 10.
Putri, Widia Nanda, Padang State University, and Digital Technology. “Al-Asy'ariyah: The History of the Rise and Important Figures of Al-Asy'ariyah.” Inspirstif Edukatif: Jurnal Belajar 6, no. 1 (2024): p. 1.
Salsabila, Nur, Irawati, Rajibah, and Ade Rahayu. Malikiyah School of Thought: History, Thought, and Development of the School . In Journal of Islamic Education , vol. 1. no. 2. 2023.
Saputra, Veri Adi. “Building an Inclusive and Communicative Generation with Multicultural Education in the Digitalization Era. In this Era of Globalization, Education Not Only Functions as a Conduit of Knowledge, But Also as a Vehicle for Forming Values.” Jupensal: Journal of Universal Education 1, no. 2 (2024): p. 6.
Setiyanto, Danus Aris. “The Islamic Legal Thoughts of Imam Malik Bin Annas (A Social History Approach).” Al-Ahkam: Journal of Sharia and Legal Sciences 1, no. 2 (2016): p. 4. https://doi.org/10.61132/santri.v3i2.1365
Shopiah Syafaatunnisa, Maslani. “Problems in Social Media Postgraduate UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung Abstract In Internet Activities, There Are Ethics and Etiquette That Internet Users Must Follow. 1 Because Basically, Ethics Are Not Only Applied in His World.” An-Najah: Journal of Islamic Development and Learning 03, no. 01 (2024): p. 2.
Subli, Mohamad, Kurniati Kurniati, and Misbahuddin Misbahuddin. “The Social Impact of the Change of Qaul Qadim from Imam Syafii to Qaul Jadid.” Pappasang 5, no. 2 (2023): pp. 12-13. https://doi.org/10.46870/jiat.v5i2.842
Supriatna, Asep. “The Development of Jurisprudence in the Digital Era: A Study of the Ijtihad Method in Understanding Contemporary Issues.” As-Syar'i: Journal of Family Guidance & Counseling 6, no. 1 (2024): p. 1. https://doi.org/10.47476/assyari.v6i1.5478
Suryantoro, Dwi Dasa. “A Philosophical Study of Imam Shafi'i's Legal Thought: Its Influence on the Formation of the Fiqh School and the Dynamics of Islamic Law.” The Indonesian Journal of Islamic Law and Civil Law 6, no. 1 (2025): p. 1.
Usman, Dia Hidayati, Didin Hafidhuddin, Ibdalsyah, Abbas Mansur Tamam, and Amir Faishol Fath. “A Model of Islamic Basic Education Based on Wisdom in Ar-Razi's Interpretation of QS. Luqman: 12-19.” Ta'dibuna: Journal of Islamic Education 14, no. 1 (2025): p. 10. https://doi.org/10.32832/tadibuna.v14i1.19397
Valerian, Hizkia Fredo. “Religious Intuition in National Life: Revisiting N. Driyarkara’s Thoughts on Pancasila.” Jurnal Dekontruksi, Jurnal Filsafat 2, no. 1 (2021): p. 1.
Waslah, Islam Fadilah. “Digital Literacy-Based Education in Strengthening Religious Moderation for Students at Al-Madinah Diwek Jombang Superior Middle School.” Pediaqu: Journal of Social and Humanities Education 4, no. 02 (2024): p. 2.
Zuhriyandi. “Religious Harmony and Conflict Prevention: A Moderation Perspective According to the Qur'an and the Bible.” Moderatio: Journal of Religious Moderation 3, no. 2 (2023): p. 10.
Published
2025-06-30
How to Cite
Haryanto, A. (2025, June 30). The Patterns of Fiqh Thought of the Four Imams of the School of Islamic Jurisprudence and Their Implications for the Formation of Tolerant Character in the Digital Era. Fusshilat : Jurnal Studi Pendidikan Dan Keislaman, 1(2), 15-31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.47625/fusshilat.v1i2.1181
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